Contact area is in incisal/occlusal 1/3 in which tooth:
a- Mandibular incisors.***
b- Mandibular molars.
c- Maxillary molars.
----------------------------
There are different types of class III malocclusion, some can be treated successfully in the early stages, while other skeletal relationships have to be corrected, either with camouflage or with a combination of orthodontics and surgery. In patients treated with camouflage the axial inclinations of the lower incisors is an important point to consider, so the objective of this investigation was to determine the cephalometric values of the mandibular incisors with respect to their bone bases through lateral radiographs of skull in patients with skeletal class III diagnosis and orthodontic camouflage and class III surgical treatment, treated in the period 2001-2011, to compare the degree of inclination.
Cross-sectional descriptive study method, shows n = 30 patients of board cases. The angular values of Down were taken to establish the inclination of the incisors, at the beginning and end of the treatment, with respect to their bone bases.
Regarding the results at the end of the treatment, it can be observed that the patients presented 66.7% of the retroclinating incisors, 33.3% were within the cephalometric norm, the patients treated with camouflage were 15 of which 12 presented incisors backclined and 3 ended with the incisors within the cephalometric norm. It is concluded that the position of the incisors in relation to the alveolar process, to the apical base, and to the relationship between the upper incisors taking cephalometry as a reference are the basis of the diagnosis and treatment to be chosen, so patients with moderate skeletal discrepancies can be treated with camouflage and although their intermaxillary relationships will not improve, their occlusal relationships will be functionally acceptable and the mandibular incisors will be backclinded with respect to the cephalometric norm 90 ° (± 2).
--------------------------
Male patient 72 years old is referred to the Maxillofacial Diagnostic Institute for the placement of a dental implant at the level of the piece 4.6.
The tomographic evaluation shows the projection of the lower dental canal to the symphysial area, as seen in the panoramic reconstruction, in which a very fine cut was made for the best visualization of the lower dental canal and the mandibular incisive canal.
In the following panoramic reconstruction, a thicker cut was made to visualize the dental pieces and the tomographic guide. Consequently, both mandibular ducts were delimited, the lower dental canal being red and the mandibular incisor canal green. Note that in both cuts the piece 4.8 is observed impacted in a horizontal position and its root portion close to the lower dental pipeline.
The transaxial cuts were made to show the relationship of the mandibular incisive canal with the anterior teeth, delimited the upper cortical color of green, and the same is shown at the level of the chin hole. Note the root bifurcation of parts 3.4 and 4.4, in addition to the osteolithic process at the apical level in part 4.5.
In axial cuts, both mandibular incisive ducts can be seen on both the left and right sides. These ducts are partially visualized in these cuts since, as seen in the previous images, this tubular structure has an irregular path.
In the three-dimensional reconstruction (Fig. 6) the illustration of the inferior dental canal and the mandibular incisive canal is observed for a better understanding of its location within the jaw.
Paraphrase:
The mandibular incisive duct is the continuation of the inferior dental canal, in front of the chin hole, which contains the neurovascular bundle of the anterior part of the jaw. It usually extends anteriorly and inferiorly and is divided into fine channels at different levels in that area, these channels contain the vascular and nerve terminal branches that supply the anterior teeth, the intraosseous spaces and the gum. The inter-foraminal region is called the anterior part of the jaw located between both chin holes, this region is commonly considered a safe area for performing surgical procedures such as placement of intraosseous implants or taking chin bone for bone grafts, also for the realization of genioplasties. In the radiographic evaluation it is difficult to determine the path of the mandibular incisive canal since it is subject to the magnification, distortion and overprojection of structures typical of two-dimensional projections, in which such structure is often not adequately delimited; which has led to doubt of the existence of a true mandibular incisive duct. However, in a group of patients the existence of this duct was determined in the vast majority of them. This study in 256 patients made comparisons in the visualization of the mandibular incisive duct in panoramic radiographs and in cone beam computed tomography, in which it is possible to visualize this structure in the three planes of the space, in addition it is possible to obtain reliable measurements, which It allows proper planning for a surgical procedure. It was found that in 96% of patients a true mandibular incisive duct of an average diameter varies from 0.6 to 3.9 mm.
Among the most frequent complications of a surgical procedure in the anterior area of the jaw are sensory disorder, edema and bruises at that level, and there have been reports of severe pain after implant placement, which to the appreciation Cone beam computed tomography shows, almost generally, the implant intrusion into the lumen of the duct, which is difficult to determine with an intraoral radiography, another frequent complication is the loss of sensitivity of the anterior teeth. Thus, to avoid these complications, it is necessary to recognize the existence of the mandibular incisive duct as a normal anatomical structure, as well as its exact location in each particular case, which must be identified prior to any surgical procedure in the anterior sector of the jaw. through an appropriate imaging technique.
a- Mandibular incisors.***
b- Mandibular molars.
c- Maxillary molars.
----------------------------
There are different types of class III malocclusion, some can be treated successfully in the early stages, while other skeletal relationships have to be corrected, either with camouflage or with a combination of orthodontics and surgery. In patients treated with camouflage the axial inclinations of the lower incisors is an important point to consider, so the objective of this investigation was to determine the cephalometric values of the mandibular incisors with respect to their bone bases through lateral radiographs of skull in patients with skeletal class III diagnosis and orthodontic camouflage and class III surgical treatment, treated in the period 2001-2011, to compare the degree of inclination.
Cross-sectional descriptive study method, shows n = 30 patients of board cases. The angular values of Down were taken to establish the inclination of the incisors, at the beginning and end of the treatment, with respect to their bone bases.
Regarding the results at the end of the treatment, it can be observed that the patients presented 66.7% of the retroclinating incisors, 33.3% were within the cephalometric norm, the patients treated with camouflage were 15 of which 12 presented incisors backclined and 3 ended with the incisors within the cephalometric norm. It is concluded that the position of the incisors in relation to the alveolar process, to the apical base, and to the relationship between the upper incisors taking cephalometry as a reference are the basis of the diagnosis and treatment to be chosen, so patients with moderate skeletal discrepancies can be treated with camouflage and although their intermaxillary relationships will not improve, their occlusal relationships will be functionally acceptable and the mandibular incisors will be backclinded with respect to the cephalometric norm 90 ° (± 2).
--------------------------
Male patient 72 years old is referred to the Maxillofacial Diagnostic Institute for the placement of a dental implant at the level of the piece 4.6.
The tomographic evaluation shows the projection of the lower dental canal to the symphysial area, as seen in the panoramic reconstruction, in which a very fine cut was made for the best visualization of the lower dental canal and the mandibular incisive canal.
In the following panoramic reconstruction, a thicker cut was made to visualize the dental pieces and the tomographic guide. Consequently, both mandibular ducts were delimited, the lower dental canal being red and the mandibular incisor canal green. Note that in both cuts the piece 4.8 is observed impacted in a horizontal position and its root portion close to the lower dental pipeline.
The transaxial cuts were made to show the relationship of the mandibular incisive canal with the anterior teeth, delimited the upper cortical color of green, and the same is shown at the level of the chin hole. Note the root bifurcation of parts 3.4 and 4.4, in addition to the osteolithic process at the apical level in part 4.5.
In axial cuts, both mandibular incisive ducts can be seen on both the left and right sides. These ducts are partially visualized in these cuts since, as seen in the previous images, this tubular structure has an irregular path.
In the three-dimensional reconstruction (Fig. 6) the illustration of the inferior dental canal and the mandibular incisive canal is observed for a better understanding of its location within the jaw.
Paraphrase:
The mandibular incisive duct is the continuation of the inferior dental canal, in front of the chin hole, which contains the neurovascular bundle of the anterior part of the jaw. It usually extends anteriorly and inferiorly and is divided into fine channels at different levels in that area, these channels contain the vascular and nerve terminal branches that supply the anterior teeth, the intraosseous spaces and the gum. The inter-foraminal region is called the anterior part of the jaw located between both chin holes, this region is commonly considered a safe area for performing surgical procedures such as placement of intraosseous implants or taking chin bone for bone grafts, also for the realization of genioplasties. In the radiographic evaluation it is difficult to determine the path of the mandibular incisive canal since it is subject to the magnification, distortion and overprojection of structures typical of two-dimensional projections, in which such structure is often not adequately delimited; which has led to doubt of the existence of a true mandibular incisive duct. However, in a group of patients the existence of this duct was determined in the vast majority of them. This study in 256 patients made comparisons in the visualization of the mandibular incisive duct in panoramic radiographs and in cone beam computed tomography, in which it is possible to visualize this structure in the three planes of the space, in addition it is possible to obtain reliable measurements, which It allows proper planning for a surgical procedure. It was found that in 96% of patients a true mandibular incisive duct of an average diameter varies from 0.6 to 3.9 mm.
Among the most frequent complications of a surgical procedure in the anterior area of the jaw are sensory disorder, edema and bruises at that level, and there have been reports of severe pain after implant placement, which to the appreciation Cone beam computed tomography shows, almost generally, the implant intrusion into the lumen of the duct, which is difficult to determine with an intraoral radiography, another frequent complication is the loss of sensitivity of the anterior teeth. Thus, to avoid these complications, it is necessary to recognize the existence of the mandibular incisive duct as a normal anatomical structure, as well as its exact location in each particular case, which must be identified prior to any surgical procedure in the anterior sector of the jaw. through an appropriate imaging technique.
